What did you change? What field type where you editing? You should be able to force the field unpublished or remove it entirely in the _comprofiler_fields table.

You can't just disable an entire table, no. If you have a backup then restore to that backup. You can completely disable CB within the _extensions table as well to try and prevent it from loading until you recall what you changed. If you're able to get to Joomla global configuration try enabling debug mode and maximum error reporting to see if more information about the error is output. You can also try checking server error log for more info about the error. With a callstack for the error I'd be able to better suggest what might be failing.