I'm able to reproduce this error on multiple sites.
If I copy a progress field from an existing functioning progress field, it will work as expected.
As soon as I edit and save the field list, the "missing data" value appears and the field stops functioning.
Steps to reproduce:  
1: Create a new profile field of type Progress, 
2. Add fields to the Parameters / Progress / Fields
3. Save and Close
4. View from front end

I am logged in as Super User on the front end, as the site is offline.

The video is located at dinkler.com/progress_field_error.mp4
Trying to demo using screenshots would take all day.
Above is a 5 minute video that demonstrates the problem.

1. I copy an existing, functioning progress bar.
2. I edit the fields in the Parameters, and after two edits, the field malfunctions (1:35)
3. I continue editing the fields, and it starts working again (2:36)
4. I move the copy to another tab (3:26)
5. I edit the list of fields again, and it stops working again (4:50)
6. I continue to edit the list of fields and it doesn't recover, so I stop

I hope this helps understand the problem.

Note:  I still can't get a new Progress field to work...

Fred

 

As stated above
Note: I still can't get a new Progress field to work...

I have bigger problems - I created a new Tab for testing, and it won't display (yes, empty tabs are configured to display)
When I look at the new tab's Profile sort order, the order list only shows the single TEST tab, none of the other 15 tabs.
Clearly this site is hosed... 
Unless you have other ideas, I'll rebuild from a fresh install.

Is there an easy way to export/import fields?
Fred